Monday, February 14, 2011
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) AND ITS COMPONENT
Posted on 9:42 PM by Unknown
THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) AND ITS COMPONENT
The central processing unit (cpu) is the central piece of processing equipment. It is composed of a collection of electronic circuitry and registers which carry out the processing operation.
The CPU comprises three separate hardware sections, namely: The main storage, The control unit and the Arithmetic logic unit.
1. The main storage: It contains two types of memory chips, named the
Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read-only Memory (ROM)
- RAM: Ram is a memory that has the same access time for all locations. It is used to store data and program temporarily whenever they are needed in main memory. It is constantly being re-used for different data items or programs as required.
SRAM: Static RAM holds its memory so long as there is a power supply.
DRAM: Dynamic RAM has to be refreshed by reading and rewriting the content very frequently.
- ROM(Integrated Circuit): It is used to store vital data and programs which need to be held within the main memory at all times. The contents of ROM are permanently set during the manufacture of the computer.
However, there are other ways of putting program and data into ROM.
PROM(Programmable Read-Only Rom): It is a type of ROM that is manufactured as an empty storage array and is later permanently programmed by the user.
EPROM(Erasable Programmable Read-only Rom): It is a type of PROM whose data can be erased by a special process so new data can be written as if it were a new PROM.
2. The arithmetic /logic unit(ALU): It consists of adder/subtractor, electronic circuit and working registers to which operands may be transferred during an operation.
The ALU performs the arithmetic operations, data handling operation and logical function. The factor to be processed are taken from main storage , stored in the working registers, processed and the results placed back in the main storage.
3. The control unit: It examines the individual instruction in the users program one by one, interprets each instruction and causes the various circuit to be activated to perform the function specified. The functions of the control unit are:
- It co-ordinates the various parts of the computer systems to form a composite integrated data processing system.
- It controls the transfer of data between and within the working stores as required by the program.
- It controls input/output. Once the program controller has initiated a read/write operation, the control unit continues to monitor the operation to ensure that it is satisfactory completed.
- In time-sharing or on-line systems, the control unit co-ordinates, the several concurrent peripheral operations while data processed internally within the CPU
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